{"id":24306,"date":"2025-09-09T06:24:54","date_gmt":"2025-09-08T23:54:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/?p=24306"},"modified":"2026-01-12T03:26:08","modified_gmt":"2026-01-11T20:56:08","slug":"in-tumult-understanding-soft-power","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/in-tumult-understanding-soft-power\/","title":{"rendered":"Dans le tumulte, comprendre la puissance douce"},"content":{"rendered":"<p class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/ouverture-cle-du-pouvoir-doux\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"15097\" target=\"_self\">Le soft power<\/a> est la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019un pays \u00e0 persuader, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 contraindre, d\u2019autres pays \u00e0 adopter son point de vue. Il repose sur les relations que les habitants de ce pays entretiennent avec ceux du reste du monde.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How do you know about other countries?&nbsp; Have you met someone from there?&nbsp; Or maybe you have visited that place. Perhaps you have family or friends in other countries.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When I was a child, I had classmates from Korea.&nbsp; I learned from their parents not to trust Japanese brands, but later my friends bought Sony Walkmans anyway.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I had a friend who was Persian.&nbsp;At Ramadan, she told us she was trying to fast that year, but her parents told her she did not need to on the day we were going to a math competition.&nbsp;Later, I learned Persia was Iran.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I had friends from Vietnam.&nbsp;When I grew up, I realized they were refugees from American War with Vietnam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote\"><blockquote><p>Plus un pays est ouvert aux personnes, au commerce et \u00e0 l\u2019apprentissage, plus son pouvoir est grand.<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>I had teachers from Cuba, they taught us Spanish and to love Enrique Iglesias.&nbsp;Later I understood they fled Fidel Castro\u2019s revolution.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>I had a teacher from Dresden, East Germany, who told us how her city was terribly bombed in World War II.&nbsp; She must have escaped communism.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>My Jewish classmates had to go to school on the weekend to learn Hebrew.&nbsp;I felt solidarity with them, because I also had to go to Chinese school on Saturdays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cela ne s\u2019est pas pass\u00e9 \u00e0 New York ni dans une grande m\u00e9tropole de la c\u00f4te ouest des \u00c9tats-Unis, mais dans une petite ville du sud du pays. C\u2019est une exp\u00e9rience typiquement am\u00e9ricaine.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Grands changements<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Lately, soft power has been in the news because of big changes in US foreign policy.&nbsp; Some of its guiding ideas have been set aside, its policy agencies closed down, and civil society organizations more constrained.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/05\/18\/opinion\/trump-soft-power-state.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le respect des droits humains comme objectif de politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/a>, autrefois autant bafou\u00e9 que c\u00e9l\u00e9br\u00e9, passe d\u00e9sormais au second plan. Certains bureaux gouvernementaux qui le soutenaient au sein de l\u2019administration f\u00e9d\u00e9rale, ainsi que des organisations financ\u00e9es par l\u2019\u00c9tat comme la National Endowment for Democracy, le US Institute of Peace et le Wilson Center for International Scholars, ont \u00e9t\u00e9 <a href=\"https:\/\/triblive.com\/opinion\/andreas-kluth-americas-loss-of-soft-power-is-putins-gain\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ferm\u00e9s<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.thetimes.com\/comment\/columnists\/article\/scrapping-us-aid-hands-rivals-win-donald-trump-vtkphwjsv\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">agences d\u2019aide \u00e9trang\u00e8re am\u00e9ricaines ont \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9mantel\u00e9es<\/a>. L\u2019Agence des \u00c9tats-Unis pour le d\u00e9veloppement international, h\u00e9ritage du pr\u00e9sident Kennedy, est <a href=\"https:\/\/indianexpress.com\/article\/opinion\/columns\/trump-administration-american-soft-power-faces-the-axe-9911420\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ferm\u00e9e<\/a>. Des piliers de la guerre froide comme Voice of America, Radio Free Asia et Radio Free Europe sont d\u00e9sormais r\u00e9duits au silence.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"alignleft size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/47Ridcz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Wu-Measuring-soft-power.webp\" alt=\"Soft power cover book\" class=\"wp-image-24331\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Wu-Measuring-soft-power.webp 333w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Wu-Measuring-soft-power-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/08\/Wu-Measuring-soft-power-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Les canaux habituels permettant aux personnes \u00e9trang\u00e8res de d\u00e9couvrir les \u00c9tats-Unis se r\u00e9duisent. Il y a davantage d\u2019obstacles \u00e0 l\u2019immigration. Il existe une <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2025\/08\/14\/business\/us-international-students-trump.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">pression contre les \u00e9tudiantes \u00e9trang\u00e8res<\/a> dans les universit\u00e9s. Il y a plus de frais pour les personnes souhaitant se rendre aux \u00c9tats-Unis, m\u00eame pour les Jeux olympiques ou la Coupe du monde. Des droits de douane ont \u00e9t\u00e9 impos\u00e9s \u00e0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.barrons.com\/news\/trump-s-moves-seen-threatening-key-sources-of-us-soft-power-a87f881e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\u2019industrie cin\u00e9matographique am\u00e9ricaine<\/a>, un fardeau plut\u00f4t qu\u2019un soutien.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Multilateral approaches are set aside in favor of bilateral negotiations.&nbsp; In a multilateral context, there is a more efficient negotiation that moves a whole region or the whole world to the next level.&nbsp; However, bilaterally, the US almost always has a stronger negotiating position.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Certaines personnes expriment leurs craintes face \u00e0 ces changements. D\u2019abord, celles et ceux qui b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaient de l\u2019aide seront touch\u00e9s. Ensuite, l\u2019opinion publique envers les \u00c9tats-Unis va d\u00e9cliner dans d\u2019autres pays, ce qui entra\u00eenera un <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ft.com\/content\/63df699a-efdb-4613-b070-80a763ec024e\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">affaiblissement global<\/a> du <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/oman\/oman-daily-observer\/20250521\/281762750168609?srsltid=AfmBOoquHBDik_7mKPeDOO0m3PpSkUuUn-IvNz6l0N3x6PBo8yL8c95Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">soft power am\u00e9ricain<\/a>. Enfin, certaines pensent que la r\u00e9duction de l\u2019influence am\u00e9ricaine laisse un vide que pourraient combler <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pressreader.com\/china\/south-china-morning-post-6150\/20250519\/281908779051299?srsltid=AfmBOorNyBivXz0nVptkxMeOfH_2JknsPwP9w80cXx9QJWua5cRlj6Yz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">la Chine<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/blogs.lse.ac.uk\/europpblog\/2025\/07\/03\/can-the-eu-become-a-strategic-normative-power-in-a-fractured-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\u2019Europe<\/a> ou <a href=\"https:\/\/www.telegraphindia.com\/opinion\/fill-the-void-the-us-has-turned-its-back-on-soft-power-prnt\/cid\/2088221\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\u2019Inde<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Jusqu\u2019\u00e0 pr\u00e9sent, les reportages montrent que les <a href=\"https:\/\/apnews.com\/article\/iom-migration-us-aid-cuts-humanitarian-migrants-61cdf8c96a0a26211a2c8cd5042a44d1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">anciens b\u00e9n\u00e9ficiaires de l\u2019aide am\u00e9ricaine<\/a> souffrent d\u00e9sormais de son absence. Il y a un d\u00e9clin de <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pewresearch.org\/global\/2025\/06\/11\/us-image-declines-in-many-nations-amid-low-confidence-in-trump\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">l\u2019opinion publique \u00e9trang\u00e8re<\/a> envers les \u00c9tats-Unis. En particulier, les <a href=\"https:\/\/www.travelandleisure.com\/canadian-tourism-plunges-in-usa-11784958\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canadien\u00b7nes<\/a> ont <a href=\"https:\/\/www.forbes.com\/sites\/suzannerowankelleher\/2025\/08\/11\/canadian-car-visits-us-plunge-37-percent\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">r\u00e9duit leurs voyages<\/a>, leurs affaires et d\u2019autres liens avec les Am\u00e9ricain\u00b7es.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">D\u2019autres personnes se sentent soulag\u00e9es par ces changements. D\u2019abord, certaines estiment que les \u00c9tats-Unis vont trop loin. Il est plus appropri\u00e9 de n\u00e9gocier sur <a href=\"https:\/\/thehill.com\/opinion\/international\/5318242-joseph-nye-is-dead-and-the-illusion-of-ethical-power-politics-should-die-too\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ce qui compte vraiment pour eux<\/a> plut\u00f4t que de proclamer des id\u00e9aux qu\u2019ils n\u2019honorent pas ensuite. Ensuite, pour celles et ceux qui consid\u00e8rent les \u00c9tats-Unis comme une puissance difficile et imp\u00e9riale, ces changements sont r\u00e9v\u00e9lateurs. Il est plus facile de voir le <a href=\"https:\/\/www.independent.co.ug\/-the-last-word-the-dent-in-americans-soft-power\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">vrai visage des \u00c9tats-Unis<\/a> sans les apparences de l\u2019aide et du soutien au d\u00e9veloppement \u00e9conomique derri\u00e8re lesquels ils se cachent.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">La nature du soft power<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Il existe des preuves de ce qui soutient le soft power d\u2019un pays. Le cin\u00e9ma et la <a href=\"https:\/\/patterson.scholars.harvard.edu\/sites\/g\/files\/omnuum1851\/files\/patterson\/files\/ecumencial.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">culture populaire<\/a> cr\u00e9ent une marque am\u00e9ricaine, particuli\u00e8rement influente depuis la <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nonviolent-conflict.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/1979\/01\/the-power-of-the-powerless.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">guerre froide<\/a> jusqu\u2019\u00e0 aujourd\u2019hui. Une aide \u00e9trang\u00e8re efficace am\u00e9liore l\u2019image des \u00c9tats-Unis ; le programme <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1561\/100.00013036\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PEPFAR<\/a>, qui a \u00e9largi l\u2019acc\u00e8s au traitement du VIH en Afrique, en est la preuve.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-pullquote alignright\"><blockquote><p>Le soft power est comme le capital social entre les pays.&nbsp;<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">L\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/press.uchicago.edu\/ucp\/books\/book\/chicago\/D\/bo8503445.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\u00e9ducation internationale<\/a>, qui offre aux personnes \u00e9trang\u00e8res et aux Am\u00e9ricain\u00b7es <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bloomsbury.com\/us\/military-soft-power-9781442231290\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">des occasions structur\u00e9es de vivre et de travailler ensemble<\/a>, cr\u00e9e aussi des relations de soft power. De m\u00eame, le <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/1031461X.2013.817450\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">voyage international<\/a> permet aux gens d\u2019interagir. Les \u00e9trangers ne sont plus de simples abstractions dans les actualit\u00e9s\u202f: c\u2019est Keiko d\u2019Osaka qui a servi ce sushi incroyable, ou Glorimar qui a indiqu\u00e9 le chemin vers la plus belle plage de l\u2019\u00eele. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/2193-9039-2-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L\u2019immigration lie \u00e9galement les pays entre eux<\/a>. Les familles d\u00e9couvrent ce qu\u2019est r\u00e9ellement un autre pays gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 leurs proches et amis qui y vivent \u2014 une vision authentique, non filtr\u00e9e par d\u2019autres interm\u00e9diaires.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Le commerce soutient-il le soft power d\u2019un pays\u202f? Dans la mesure o\u00f9 il <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0003055419000868\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rapproche les gens<\/a>, il am\u00e9liore effectivement la perception de l\u2019autre pays. S\u2019il s\u2019agit simplement d\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/CBO9781139505758\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">une marque \u00e9trang\u00e8re vendue localement<\/a>, alors l\u2019effet est moindre. En revanche, plus un pays dispose de soft power \u2014 autrement dit, plus il est appr\u00e9ci\u00e9 par les populations \u00e9trang\u00e8res \u2014, <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ecpo.12077\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">plus il attire le commerce international<\/a>. \u00catre sympathique, c\u2019est aussi rentable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Government policies and actions influence a country\u2019s soft power growth, or decline, but the foundation of soft power is civil society, in the relationships that the people of one country have with people in other countries.&nbsp;It is a long game, not a short one.&nbsp;We will have to see whether the recent changes in US foreign policy ultimately isolate Americans from the rest of the world, or if people will continue to build their friendships and ties, like water finding its level.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Comment le saurons-nous\u202f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Soft Power Rubric is a way to measure the soft power relationships between countries.&nbsp;In its basic form, it includes data on the number of immigrants, international students, and international visitors.&nbsp;Usually, the more foreigners come into a country, the greater the country\u2019s soft power relationships.&nbsp;The more a country is open to people, open for business, open for learning, the greater the power.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">Selon la <a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3VqKqzz\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/47Ridcz\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Grille du Soft Power<\/a>, de 1960 \u00e0 2020, les \u00c9tats-Unis sont class\u00e9s premi\u00e8re superpuissance mondiale du soft power. Cela s\u2019explique principalement par le fait que les \u00c9tats-Unis accueillent le plus grand nombre d\u2019immigr\u00e9\u00b7es et d\u2019\u00e9tudiant\u00b7es internationaux au monde, venus de toutes les r\u00e9gions du globe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From 1960 to 1990, France and Great Britain are always among the top five soft power leaders.&nbsp; Some decades Canada, Italy, Switzerland, or Russia are also among the top countries.<\/p>\n\n\n<div style=\"--border-width: 0 0 0 0;--desktop-padding: 30px 30px 30px 30px ;--tablet-padding: 25px 25px 25px 25px ;--mobile-padding: 20px 20px 20px 20px ;\" class=\"gb-wrap gb-cta yes-shadow wp-block-foxiz-elements-cta\"><div class=\"gb-cta-inner\"><div class=\"gb-cta-content\"><div class=\"gb-cta-header\"><h2 class=\"gb-heading none-toc\"><strong>D\u00e9couvrez les livres \u00e9crits par nos collaborateurs<\/strong><\/h2><div class=\"cta-description translation-block\">Une s\u00e9lection soign\u00e9e d\u2019ouvrages en sciences sociales et humaines, pr\u00e9sent\u00e9s par leurs auteurs dans les pages de <em>Politics and Rights Review<\/em>.<\/div><\/div><\/div><div class=\"gb-buttons\"><a href=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/the-book-curator\/\" class=\"cta-btn gb-btn is-btn btn-filled\">Voir la collection<\/a><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p>From 2000 to 2020, France, Great Britain, and now Germany are always among the top five, along with the US.&nbsp; France leads in the number of foreign visitors.&nbsp; Great Britain leads in the number of foreign students. Germany leads in both immigrants and foreign students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">La Chine en 2020 se classe au 16<sup>e<\/sup> rang. Sa plus grande ressource en mati\u00e8re de soft power est sa capacit\u00e9 \u00e0 attirer des visiteur\u00b7ses \u00e9tranger\u00b7es. C\u2019est une progression remarquable sur plusieurs d\u00e9cennies\u202f: en 1980 encore, le pays \u00e9tait ferm\u00e9 \u00e0 la plupart des \u00e9trangers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>From the perspective of the Soft Power Rubric, if there is a decline in US soft power, the most likely beneficiaries are the other soft power leaders \u2013 France, Great Britain, and Germany.&nbsp; Regionally, other countries that are the most open to immigrants, foreign students and foreign visitors will benefit; in the Americas, Canada; Eastern Europe and Middle East, Turkey and the United Arab Emirates; in Africa, South Africa; in East Asia, Japan and Australia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">De la m\u00eame mani\u00e8re qu\u2019il est possible d\u2019analyser la composition du commerce international d\u2019un pays, on peut aussi examiner la <a href=\"https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=5407402\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">composition de ses relations de soft power<\/a>. En 2024, les relations de soft power des \u00c9tats-Unis se r\u00e9partissent comme suit\u202f: 16\u202f% avec le Mexique, principalement des immigr\u00e9\u00b7es et visiteur\u00b7ses\u202f; 13\u202f% avec l\u2019Inde, surtout des \u00e9tudiant\u00b7es et immigr\u00e9\u00b7es\u202f; 11\u202f% avec le Canada, majoritairement des visiteur\u00b7ses\u202f; et 11\u202f% avec la Chine, essentiellement des \u00e9tudiant\u00b7es. 51\u202f% des relations de soft power am\u00e9ricaines dans le monde concernent ces quatre pays.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Data for the Soft Power Rubric take time to collect.&nbsp; Accurate reporting requires about two years between the close of a calendar year and the publication of data by international organizations.&nbsp; In time we will see how much US government policy changes affect the actual flow of foreigners to the US, and Americans abroad.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Pourquoi est-ce important\u202f? Que pouvez-vous faire\u202f?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Dans les m\u00e9dias et de nombreuses tribunes d\u2019opinion, on s\u2019inqui\u00e8te fortement d\u2019un possible d\u00e9clin du soft power des \u00c9tats-Unis \u2014 et des pays riches en g\u00e9n\u00e9ral \u2014 \u00e0 mesure que les budgets publics se resserrent et que les d\u00e9penses militaires augmentent, entra\u00eenant des coupes dans l\u2019aide au d\u00e9veloppement et l\u2019aide humanitaire. Dans le cas des \u00c9tats-Unis, beaucoup estiment que leur approche de la politique \u00e9trang\u00e8re, qui utilise les menaces comme tactique normale de n\u00e9gociation et tol\u00e8re un niveau \u00e9lev\u00e9 de conflit m\u00eame entre alli\u00e9s et ami\u00b7es, pourrait affaiblir leur influence en mati\u00e8re de soft power dans le syst\u00e8me international.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Cependant, le soft power n\u2019est pas principalement d\u00e9termin\u00e9 par les politiques gouvernementales ni soutenu par l\u2019aide publique. Sa v\u00e9ritable base r\u00e9side dans les relations que les gens entretiennent avec d\u2019autres personnes dans d\u2019autres pays. Ce qu\u2019il faut pour encourager le soft power, c\u2019est<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>protecting those relationships and the communication channels that support them. This rests in the hands of civil society primarily &#8211; including ordinary people, community organizations, businesses, schools, cultural centers, sports leagues, and religious houses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"rb-list\">Having soft power really counts when there is a crisis and a country wants to persuade other countries to help, even though helping may cost something for those other countries.&nbsp; Political scientists call these situations collective action problems.&nbsp; Under what conditions do people come together to work for a common goal, even when this might call for some to sacrifice \u2013 of time, money, or other resources?&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list rb-list\">\n<li class=\"translation-block\">D\u2019abord, il faut pouvoir se faire confiance. La confiance est facile quand on a quelque chose en commun \u2014 on soutient la m\u00eame \u00e9quipe sportive ou on vient de la m\u00eame ville. Mais la confiance est aussi possible entre inconnu\u00b7es, disait la laur\u00e9ate du prix Nobel <a href=\"https:\/\/www.russellsage.org\/publications\/book\/trust-and-reciprocity\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elinor Ostrom<\/a>. Elle a montr\u00e9 que si des personnes \u00e9trang\u00e8res ont l\u2019occasion de coop\u00e9rer et de s\u2019entraider, <a href=\"https:\/\/escotet.org\/2010\/11\/interview-with-nobel-laureate-elinor-ostrom\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">elles peuvent, avec le temps, b\u00e2tir suffisamment de confiance<\/a> pour agir ensemble. Elle a observ\u00e9 cela en laboratoire, en menant des exp\u00e9riences avec des volontaires, ainsi que sur le terrain, en \u00e9tudiant comment les gens partageaient avec succ\u00e8s l\u2019eau et la terre, \u00e9tablissant leurs propres r\u00e8gles et r\u00e9solvant leurs propres probl\u00e8mes.<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"translation-block\">Deuxi\u00e8mement, un autre concept li\u00e9 est celui de <a href=\"http:\/\/bowlingalone.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">capital social<\/a>, popularis\u00e9 par un autre politologue, Robert Putnam. Dans ses recherches, il a montr\u00e9 que lorsque les gens participent \u00e0 des organisations de la soci\u00e9t\u00e9 civile \u2014 un terme savant pour d\u00e9signer des ligues de bowling ou la fr\u00e9quentation d\u2019une \u00e9glise \u2014, ils apprennent \u00e0 coop\u00e9rer pour atteindre des objectifs, ce qui peut ensuite se traduire en engagement politique.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"translation-block\">En m\u2019appuyant sur les travaux d\u2019Ostrom, de Putnam et d\u2019autres chercheur\u00b7ses, j\u2019ai identifi\u00e9 les \u00ab\u202f<a href=\"https:\/\/www.press.jhu.edu\/books\/title\/11288\/forging-trust-communities?srsltid=AfmBOoryFX83MC7kOyQD31VnZU0_SP4wB7_0uEAvVnMkjgHaOh3Jv3BX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">communaut\u00e9s de confiance<\/a>\u202f\u00bb, des groupes de personnes qui ont construit du capital social, souvent en collaborant virtuellement gr\u00e2ce aux technologies de communication.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-foxiz-elements-note gb-wrap note-wrap none-padding yes-shadow\" style=\"--heading-border-color:#88888822;--border-width:0 0 0 0;--desktop-header-padding:15px 30px 15px 30px;--tablet-header-padding:15px 25px 15px 25px;--mobile-header-padding:15px 20px 15px 20px;--desktop-padding:15px 30px 30px 30px;--tablet-padding:15px 25px 25px 25px;--mobile-padding:15px 20px 20px 20px\"><div class=\"note-header gb-header\"><span class=\"note-heading\"><span class=\"gb-heading heading-icon\"><i class=\"rbi rbi-idea\"><\/i><\/span><h4 class=\"gb-heading none-toc\">Lectures s\u00e9lectionn\u00e9es<\/h4><\/span><\/div><div class=\"note-content gb-content\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-layout-grid wp-container-core-group-is-layout-85d11b1a wp-block-group-is-layout-grid\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-container-content-a507e214\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/43wQ4VA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book_-The-Liberty-Paradox.-Living-with-the-Responsibilities-of-Freedom.webp\" alt=\"Cover of the book_ The Liberty Paradox. Living with the Responsibilities of Freedom\" class=\"wp-image-22033\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book_-The-Liberty-Paradox.-Living-with-the-Responsibilities-of-Freedom.webp 333w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book_-The-Liberty-Paradox.-Living-with-the-Responsibilities-of-Freedom-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book_-The-Liberty-Paradox.-Living-with-the-Responsibilities-of-Freedom-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/4j3Mg2V\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"326\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Moral-Tribes-Emotion-Reason-and-the-Gap-Between-Us-and-Them.webp\" alt=\"Tribus morales \u2013 \u00c9motion, raison et le foss\u00e9 entre \u00ab nous \u00bb et \u00ab eux \u00bb\" class=\"wp-image-21721\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Moral-Tribes-Emotion-Reason-and-the-Gap-Between-Us-and-Them.webp 326w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Moral-Tribes-Emotion-Reason-and-the-Gap-Between-Us-and-Them-196x300.webp 196w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Moral-Tribes-Emotion-Reason-and-the-Gap-Between-Us-and-Them-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 326px) 100vw, 326px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full wp-container-content-a507e214\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/43o4KoY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book-Uncivil-Agreement.-How-Politics-Became-Our-Identity.webp\" alt=\"Identit\u00e9 politique_ Couverture du livre *Uncivil Agreement. How Politics Became Our Identity*\" class=\"wp-image-21718\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book-Uncivil-Agreement.-How-Politics-Became-Our-Identity.webp 333w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book-Uncivil-Agreement.-How-Politics-Became-Our-Identity-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/04\/Cover-of-the-book-Uncivil-Agreement.-How-Politics-Became-Our-Identity-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/43nOKDj\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"333\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Seeing-Us-in-Them.webp\" alt=\"c0ver of the book Seeing Us in Them\" class=\"wp-image-20463\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Seeing-Us-in-Them.webp 333w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Seeing-Us-in-Them-200x300.webp 200w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/02\/Seeing-Us-in-Them-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 333px) 100vw, 333px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><a href=\"https:\/\/amzn.to\/3He0CQI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"354\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Where-Tyranny-Begins.-The-Justice-Department-the-FBI-and-the-War-Against-Democracy.webp\" alt=\"Cover of \u2018Where Tyranny Begins\u2019 by David Rohde, investigating the role of the Justice Department and the FBI in democratic governance\" class=\"wp-image-18842\" style=\"object-fit:cover\" srcset=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Where-Tyranny-Begins.-The-Justice-Department-the-FBI-and-the-War-Against-Democracy.webp 354w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Where-Tyranny-Begins.-The-Justice-Department-the-FBI-and-the-War-Against-Democracy-212x300.webp 212w, https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/Where-Tyranny-Begins.-The-Justice-Department-the-FBI-and-the-War-Against-Democracy-8x12.webp 8w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 354px) 100vw, 354px\" \/><\/a><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p>Today in the U.S. many people from other countries still want to live here, study here, come for a visit.&nbsp; That is not true for every country, and is not necessarily something Americans can expect to be true forever.&nbsp; Whether people still want to come to the US still rests a lot in the hands of ordinary Americans, how we treat people every day, whether we look out for them, and lend them helping hands.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Soft power is like social capital among countries.&nbsp;Governments are important part of this social capital, but they are not the only players involved.&nbsp;We are all involved.&nbsp; How our communities welcome immigrants; our schools, international students; our neighborhoods, foreign visitors, these are our opportunities to build trust and social capital with the world.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p class=\"translation-block\"><a href=\"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/ouverture-cle-du-pouvoir-doux\/\" data-type=\"post\" data-id=\"15097\" target=\"_self\">Le soft power<\/a> est la capacit\u00e9 d\u2019un pays \u00e0 persuader, plut\u00f4t qu\u2019\u00e0 contraindre, d\u2019autres pays \u00e0 adopter son point de vue. Il repose sur les relations que les habitants de ce pays entretiennent avec ceux du reste du monde.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":88,"featured_media":24327,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"iawp_total_views":293,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1164],"tags":[745],"ppma_author":[1087],"class_list":{"0":"post-24306","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-the-thinking-line","8":"tag-geopolitics"},"pp_statuses_selecting_workflow":false,"pp_workflow_action":"current","pp_status_selection":"publish","authors":[{"term_id":1087,"user_id":88,"is_guest":0,"slug":"irene-s-wu","display_name":"Irene S. Wu","avatar_url":{"url":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/irene-s-wu.webp","url2x":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/11\/irene-s-wu.webp"},"0":null,"1":"","2":"","3":"","4":"","5":"","6":"","7":"","8":""}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24306","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/88"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=24306"}],"version-history":[{"count":18,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24306\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":25085,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/24306\/revisions\/25085"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/24327"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=24306"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=24306"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=24306"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/politicsrights.com\/fr\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=24306"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}